Date: Fri, 26 Jan 96 19:38:39 MET From: Robert Horvitz Subject: Final Report: Balkan Media Network Grant Number: 93-145.3 Project Title: BALKAN MEDIA NETWORK Grantee Name: Internews Network, Inc. Dates of Grant: 13 September 1993 - 31 December 1995 Amount of Grant: $70,000 I. BACKGROUND "The key [to] success in making the war in Former Yugoslavia possible is communication or, more precisely, lack of it." ---Ivo Skoric, "ZaMir: Peace Network in the War Zone," ZK Proceedings 1995 (Amsterdam) The Balkan Media Network project began as an attempt to overcome the loss of communications between the former republics of Yugoslavia. That loss, which became more complete and dangerous during 1991-2, was both a cause and an effect of the secession of one republic after another from the Yugoslav Federation. Eliminating access to the views of neighboring peoples while suppressing dissent at home enabled nationalistic politicians and their supporters in the mass media to foment fear, hatred and misunderstanding between ethnic groups that had coexisted peacefully since World War 2. Under the Yugoslav federal constitution of 1974, each republic had its own major media controlled by local party officials. These media generally did not seek large audiences beyond the borders of "their" republic, but it was nevertheless possible to read publications regularly from other parts of Yugoslavia, and in the late 1980s, to see programs relayed by the inter-republic TV network Yutel. However, as tensions grew in 1989-1991, even reading a newspaper from another republic began to make one seem unpatriotic. A brief chronology of political events provide a context for this project: January 1990: Slovene and Croatian delegates walk out of the 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, splitting the party that governed the federation since World War 2. December 1990: Slovenians vote overwhelmingly for independence in a referendum. January 1991: Macedonian parliament votes for independence, demands withdrawal of the federal army. April 1991: Right-wing separatists win Croatia's parliamentary elections and adopt anti-Serbian social policies, including propaganda in state-run media and dismissals of journalists and editors critical of the new government. The Krajina region of Croatia (with a majority population of Serbs) organizes a militia and declares itself part of Serbia. Rejecting the Muslim-led government in Sarajevo, the Serbs of Bosnia form their own "assembly." June 1991: Slovenia and Croatia declare their independence. Fighting over control of border-crossings follows in Slovenia, but federal forces quickly withdraw. In Croatia, fighting between Serbs and Croats escalates, with the federal army initially trying to quell the violence. August 1991: The Yugoslav army ends its neutrality and backs the Serbian fighters in Croatia. Road, train and air traffic between Serbia and Croatia ceases; most telephone lines and all microwave links between Zagreb and Belgrade are cut. January 1992: UN peacekeepers move into Serb-controlled areas of Croatia to maintain a cease-fire. The European Community recognizes Croatia and Slovenia as independent states. May 1992: The UN imposes a trade embargo on Serbia and Montenegro. State-run media in those republics portrays this as a global conspiracy against Serbs, led by the Vatican and Germany. Fighting escalates in Bosnia & Herzegovina, destroying the telecommunications infrastructure and disrupting postal service. September 1992: Peace negotiations for Bosnia & Herzegovina begin in Geneva and drag on inconclusively. January 1993: large-scale purges of journalists at Radio-TV Serbia after the socialists win re-election. March 1993: The Croatian government loans a friendly businessman money to buy "Slobodna Dalmatia," the most influential independent newspaper in Croatia; he fires the editors and journalists who criticized the ruling party. UN officials accuse the Tudjman government of censoring the UN's local broadcasts in Croatian. July 1993: Borba, the only independent daily newspaper in Serbia/Montenegro, is nationalized. Alarmed by the breakdown of communication and the spread of war in former Yugoslavia, some European organizations decided to support peace activists in Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina by helping them communicate across the closed republican borders via fax and electronic mail. Since it was nearly impossible to make a direct call from one Yugoslav capital to another, intermediary sites in Austria, Germany and England relayed the messages. However, the cost and poor legibility of re-transmitted faxes were such that e-mail seemed a more practical solution. In the summer of 1992, Eric Bachman, an American living in Germany, set up electronic bulletin-board systems (BBSs) at the Center for Anti-War Action in Belgrade, the Anti-War Campaign in Zagreb and the Center for the Culture of Peace and Nonviolence in Ljubljana. The BBS computers were used for other purposes during the day, as were the phonelines. The system operators were likewise part-time volunteers. Nevertheless, the ZaMir network, as it was called, made it possible to send e-mail from one republic to another overnight. A BBS outside Yugoslavia relayed the messages when telephone service between Zagreb and Belgrade ceased. During the winter of 1992-3, the Soros foundations began to explore ways of linking journalists and media organizations in the former Yugoslav republics to each other and to the outside world. The aim was to promote the sharing of information across national borders, to counteract the isolationist tendencies and disinformation tactics of state-run media, and to give marginalized but still dedicated journalists access to an international audience. The logical vehicle for such a project was a network of computer bulletin-boards which could be reached by modem using ordinary phonelines. The BBSs would temporarily store and then forward electronic mail to similar systems in neighboring countries, and provide topical public message spaces shared by the users. Because the ZaMir network was the only existing system that provided such service, the decision was made to support its development and expansion. The Soros foundations agreed to provide computers, modems, software and training to democratically- oriented news organizations who would use ZaMir to communicate with their colleagues. But because ZaMir's telephone lines were used for other purposes during the day, and Yugoslav telephone systems do not have itemized billing, the Soros foundations would not commit to paying the long-distance phone bills generated by moving messages from one BBS to another. That blocked the implementation of this project until Robert Horvitz, a media consultant for both the Soros foundations and the Internews Network, contacted the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) to see if they could cover the project's telecommunications costs. A way would be found to pay only for BBS-related calls, he promised, and not voice calls made by people in the offices hosting the BBSs. At the end of August 1993, Internews sent a request to NED for $70,000 to support the telecommunications costs of the Balkan Media Network project. NED's board approved the request on 10 September 1993. The duration of grant number 93-145 was originally defined as 13 September 1993 to 30 September 1994. But in light of the project's continuing (and even increasing) value, the period of the grant was extended, first to 30 June 1995 (see Amendment of Grant Agreement, September 1994), then to 31 December 1995 (see Amendment of Grant Agreement, June 1995), without any further increase in funds requested. II. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES As stated in the original grant application to NED, the objectives of this project were: To facilitate information exchange between media outlets in the Balkans; to foster cooperation through improved communication among media and civic groups in the Balkans; to increase the accessibility of high quality, unbiased journalism in the region; and to promote the establishment of alternative information sources to official news agencies. In our second quarterly report to NED, we requested approval for a related objective, in light of the growing crisis in Bosnia- Herzegovina. A letter from NED Program Officer Paul McCarthy, dated 2 May 1994, agreed that the grant money could be used to support "the delivery of humanitarian messages to and from Sarajevo, as long as media related messages are being transmitted through the system as well." III. RESULTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS A. Expansion of the network At the start of the grant period, "hub" BBSs were already installed in Ljubljana, Zagreb and Belgrade. But the computers on which they ran were barely adequate to the task. We had to make many repairs, replacements and upgrades as the network grew, and to install additional local phonelines whenever that was possible. Incremental improvements were made to all the BBSs to increase their accessibility and reliablity. Special support was needed for Sarajevo, which suffered from frequent losses of electrical power, not to mention urban terrorism and a chronic lack of spare parts. Significant improvements to the network's technical base have been described in our quarterly reports to NED. During the grant period, the addition of Sarajevo, Pristina and Tuzla doubled the number of public-access nodes. (An experimental node in Skopje, Macedonia, operated for a few weeks, but the host organization decided not to join our project.) Eric Bachman, who set up all of these BBSs, was hired by the Soros foundations to expand and upgrade the network and train new system administrators and users. He and the project director agreed to use the ComLink server in Bielefeld, Germany, as the relay center and gateway to global e-mail networks for the BBSs in Yugoslavia. To simplify and consolidate our cost-tracking, ComLink originates all calls to Yugoslavia. That eliminated the need to deliver cash reimbursements to several cities each month, as well as the possibility of unrelated voice calls being billed to this project locally. A dedicated phoneline was installed at ComLink in December 1993 so that a separate monthly bill from Deutsche Telekom covers all data communications with the Yugoslav BBSs, and only those communications. In the spring of 1994, a BBS was set up in Sarajevo to break the isolation of that beleagered city. This was undoubtedly our project's greatest achievement. As the city's only regular e-mail link to the outside world, the Sarajevo BBS generated tremendous local and international interest. The New York Times, Associated Press and Reuters wrote about it. Web-sites on the Internet archived its messages. It was featured in events marking the start of the 4th year of Sarajevo's siege. It was the only way that local news sources like Oslobodjenja, ONASA and Radio Zid could get their reports into general circulation. Radio Zid and Studio-99 routinely broadcast messages sent to them by e-mail from people trying to contact lost relatives and friends. Nearly every humanitarian and refugee aid organization in Sarajevo uses our BBS...even the UN, the International Red Cross and the government of Bosnia-Herzegovina. In the winter of 1994-5, a BBS was installed in Pristina at the Albanian-language newspaper Koha Jone. This has not generated as much publicity as the BBS in Sarajevo (thank goodness--there is a real risk that local Serbian authorities would close it if they knew how essential it is for delivering reports of human rights violations to people outside Kosovo, and how much it has increased international awareness of the province's Albanian "shadow government"). Now that the seige of Sarajevo has ended and Kosovo is getting more attention, our BBS in Pristina may become a new focus of international interest. It certainly has proved to be a unique information resource. In March 1995, a ZaMir BBS was created in Tuzla (Bosnia-Herzegovina). It is managed by the Citizens Forum, an interethnic civic group. Tuzla recently became the center for NATO operations in Bosnia. It remains to be seen how that will affect the BBS. Already, messages sent by the families of American servicemen are arriving. Meanwhile, Tuzla has proved to be the most reliable route for moving e-mail into and out of Sarajevo, and that alone makes it valuable. Here is current contact information for all of our bulletin-boards: ZAMIR-BG (Belgrade) tel: +381 11 632566 Voice support tel: +381 11 635813 / 626623 ZAMIR-LJ (Ljubljana) tel: +386 61 1263281 Voice support tel: +386 61 302912 ZANA-PR (Pristina) tel: +381 38 31276 Voice support tel: +381 38 31031 / 31036 ZAMIR-SA (Sarajevo) tel: +387 71 444200 (3 lines) Voice support tel: +387 71 444337 ZAMIR-TZ (Tuzla) tel: +387 75 239146 (3 lines) Voice support tel: +387 75 239147 ZAMIR-ZG (Zagreb) tel: +385 1 271927 +385 1 423044 +385 1 274188 Voice support at tel: +385 1 422495 During the course of our grant, the number of regular users of our BBSs in Pristina, Tuzla and Sarajevo increased from zero to 59, 475 and 875, respectively. Those latter figures include 13, 85 and 178 organizations, respectively. Sarajevo thus grew to be our largest system, despite the difficult environment in which it operates. That can be taken as nonverbal testimony about its value to users. When the grant period began, the ZaMir BBS in Belgrade had 375 registered users, 7 of which were organizations. At the end of the grant period, there were 685 regular users, including 57 organizations. Before the start of the grant period, the Zagreb BBS had 125 registered users, including 27 organizations. At the end of the grant period, there were 365 registered users, including 104 organizations. Growth in the use of the Ljubljana BBS was less dramatic. We started with about 20 accounts and ended with 67, 11 of them organizations. For a variety of reasons, Slovenian interest in our project never really developed. See the EVALUATION section, below, for an exploration of why that might be. Overall, we believe that continuous growth in the number of users proves this project met--and still meets--important social needs. At the start of the grant period, the entire BBS network in Yugoslavia had 525 registered users (that includes both individual and group accounts). At the end of the grant period, the total number of users was just shy of 2,600--a fivefold increase in two years. That far exceeded even our most optimistic expectations. We have positively identified 62 media organizations with e-mail accounts (see appendix). In addition, we estimate that 20-25% of our individual users are journalists, writers or other media workers. Another 35% are believed to be members of civil rights, humanitarian relief, refugee aid or other civic organizations, including government ministries. B. Examples of Use Apart from quantitative measures, we can cite examples of how our BBS network made a difference in people's lives and in the course of social events. The net address of our BBS in Sarajevo was publicly announced for the first time on 27 May 1994. Our BBS administrator in Belgrade happened to save the first five messages that came from Sarajevo on that date. He describes them this way (omitting names because they are quoted without the author's permission): M.F. is looking for his friend from Belgrade. I.E. calling Atlanta. C. sends personal letter to family. Sarajevo calling Detroit. S. is contacting parents after two years. Even these bare-bone summaries suggest the joy of ordinary people breaking through the cordon of war which imprisoned Sarajevo's residents for so long. Here is part of an open letter from a member of the collective that manages our system in Sarajevo. It was sent soon after we connected our BBSs to the Internet through Ljubljana: "INTERNET FAMILY - LIFTING THE SIEGE OVER SARAJEVO "Sarajevo, multicultural, multiethnic and multireligious city has been living under the siege for 1000 days now. Its citizens have expressed heroism and stamina and kept their pride and dignity during the hardest times of Sarajevo's long history... "Lifting the communication blockade, which we have managed to do by E-mail through INTERNET and server ZAMIR-SA, is of great value. "I would like to express my gratitude towards all who contacted us through E-Mail telling us that we were not forgotten. I am saying this on behalf of BIT, B&H Association for Computers and Computer Technology, which gathers engineers and professors of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is sure that a friendly word of support makes all the difference for Sarajevo people, it drives freedom one step closer. "I am asking all SYSOPs, MODERATORS and SUPPORT TEAMS on numerable computers networks who get hold of this message to pass it on to their friends, humanists, politicians, statesmen, businessmen, sportsmen and all good willed people, so that millions of members of the INTERNET family could read it and in that way give their contribution to lifting the siege over our and your Sarajevo. "Sarajevo people wish this evil never to happen again anywhere in the world. All our friends from all over the world can contact Sarajevo on the E-mail address: ************************************** SARAJEVO_1000.DAYS@ZAMIR-SA.ZTN.ZER.DE ************************************** "SALUTATION OF PEACE TO ALL INHABITANTS OF THE PLANET EARTH FROM BESIEGED OLYMPIC SARAJEVO" Prof. Dr. Ahmed Mandzic In Croatia, human rights groups publicized the army's confiscation of apartments to reward certain officers with free housing. Unfortunately, that sometimes involved the eviction of elderly residents or refugee families without any prior warning or legal authorization. This cruel practice seems to have stopped now, largely because of the publicity it generated. Most newspapers and broadcasting stations in Croatia are controlled by the government; they tended to ignore these forced evictions. Our BBS in Zagreb was the means by which they were publicized. In a similar vein, Croatian human rights activists drove through the Krajina region a few days after Serb residents fled and before the army let foreign journalists in. Posted on the ZaMir network, these first eye witness reports included vivid details about looting, vandalism, arson and violence against unarmed civilians who had decided not to flee. These reports broke the official silence, aroused much indignation and led to follow-up investigations by other journalists and international organizations. When the Croatian government imposed punitive taxes on the satirical weekly, The Feral Tribune, and when pro-government goons stole newsstand copies of the paper and burned them on a street in Split, The Tribune sent appeals to foreign journalism organizations for support through our BBS. These appeals were received and publicized by the International Freedom of Expression Clearinghouse, the International Federation of Journalists, etc. The Council for the Defense of Human Rights and Freedoms in Pristina is one of the most active users of our Kosovar BBS, posting weekly reports "On the Widespread Repression and Harassment Perpetrated by the Serbian Police and Other Authorities in Kosova." These are stories one cannot find in newspapers published in Serbia. With the Independent Lawyers' Association of Kosova, the CDHRFP circulated a critique of a new law on citizenship being drafted by the federal parliament of rump Yugoslavia. Excluded from the legislative process, they went public with their complaints, alerting the international community to the bill's unfair treatment of Albanians. We mentioned earlier that ONASA, the news agency of Oslobodjenja, used our Sarajevo BBS to deliver their reports twice each day. This was the only practical way they had to get their reports to subscribers outside the city. Without our BBS they would have too little earned income to survive. We could go on in this vein, but perhaps the point is already clear: we cannot quantify the difference our project made in the Balkan region. However, we do know that it made many worthwhile activities possible, it played a role in limiting some negative phenomena, and it focussed attention on issues that would otherwise have been ignored. C. Continuing the Project Although time and money have run out in this grant from NED, we see an ongoing need for this type of communication service, at least in some parts of the Balkans. Telephone lines between Zagreb and Belgrade recently re-opened. That removes our main reason for routing inter-BBS calls through Germany. The whole world is rushing to embrace Sarajevo and restore normal contacts there. An internet link from the Free University in Amsterdam to the University of Sarajevo will soon make our BBS there unnecessary. The BBS in Ljubljana has probably outlived its usefulness already. The same cannot be said of Kosovo, however, and Tuzla's future is also unclear. The Soros foundations will meet soon to discuss what to do for the Balkan mass media in this new stage of development. Continued funding for our network is on the agenda. Pending the outcome of that meeting, we have assurances of continued support for telecom costs during the next few months at least, and for a wider program of user training in the region after that. IV. EVALUATION We cannot speak knowledgably about how people used our system for private e-mail, because with rare exceptions, all private e-mail is transmitted and stored in the network in encrypted form so that only the sender and recipient know what a message says. We expected the network to be most useful for journalists to ask each other for help, send articles for publication or broadcast, or publicly post articles rejected or suppressed by traditional media. We think ZaMir was used that way quite often. But we were disappointed to find that so little use was made of the public and semi-public conferencing facilities on each BBS. In addition to e-mail, BBSs provide space for topical discussions that can be read by anyone (if the space is open to all), or by those approved by a "moderator." Replies can be posted in this space for other callers to read, and one can do keyword searches on all postings in the conference area to find messages of interest. Our software also lets us relay group discussions from one BBS to another (if the moderator approves), so conferences can be non-local. We established several online conferencing areas that were open only to journalists and news media. MEDIA-LINK/!IMPORTANT is for anouncements and other urgent matters. MEDIA-LINK/!ALERTS is for short "pointers" to important longer messages in other conferences. MEDIA-LINK/DISCUSSION is for conversation among media organisations, their journalists and staff. Unfortunately, very few messages were actually posted in these conferences. We suspect this was due to a lingering reluctance--especially pronounced in the Balkans--about revealing one's opinions when one isn't sure who will read them. It may also be due to a lack of familiarity with the etiquette of online conferencing. An additional factor may be our moderators' failure to "prime the pump" in an interesting way. The few messages that were posted mostly relate to jobs offered or jobs sought. That is a good use of the medium, but it is less than we hoped for. We were also surprised by how different the individual BBSs were in the way they developed. An informal survey of some of our users indicates that the BBS in Sarajevo was a vital lifeline, strongly appreciated by all its users. Until we got additional phonelines, many people had to go in person to the office where the computer was housed. Sarajevo has few working computers and modems after 4 years of war. Even when someone was lucky enough to have the necessary equipment, there was often no electricity or a problem getting a phone connection. Snipers and mortars were not enough to stop people from visiting our site periodically to check their e-mail and the online conferences. In Zagreb, our BBS was not a lifeline, but it attracted a large and devoted group of regulars, who made it a primary meeting place for political discussions and information sharing. Its 3 phonelines are nearly always busy, and it supported the largest number of online conferences among all our BBSs (739 at last count). Kosovo might be characterized as midway between Zagreb and Sarajevo. Like Sarajevo, ours is the only locally available email system. But it is not a true war zone. Computers and modems are rare in Kosovo, but those who have them tend to be politically active intellectuals and journalists, so we found our target users very quickly. For most of them, going back to the isolation they endured during the past decade would be unthinkable. It certainly helps that we are based at Koha Jone, which enjoys such respect in the Albanian community. In Serbia, we often had technical problems, leading to delays and interruptions of service that discouraged some users. Major news organizations like Vreme and Radio B-92 found their own ways to send and receive news by e-mail, usually by placing a long-distance call to a network outside Yugoslavia. We also observed that it was difficult for Serbian organizations to cooperate with each other. Rivalries are intense and compromises are not forgiven. It might also have been a problem that our BBS was located at the Anti-War Center, which was so conspicuously unsuccessful at stopping the fighting in Bosnia and Croatia. In Ljubljana, we think our failure to attract local interest is mainly due to the fact that once it seceded, Slovenia tried to forget it had been part of Yugoslavia. Italy and Austria are the prevailing influences there now, and except for refugees, there is no Serbian minority to worry about. Slovenia does not lack access to Balkan news from nongovernmental sources, and their domestic press is quite free. We also had a lot of competition from larger BBSs in Ljubljana who started offering e-mail, as well as internet access, long before we did. We formed an alliance with one of these other systems in order to get an internet connection through them. In the end we found that most Slovenian journalists and activists were less interested in their southern neighbors' problems than they were in exploring the internet's limitless resources. They leaped over us on their way to Networld. About half way through this project we thought that a lack of training for new users was limiting our rate of growth. So we asked NED to amend our budget to shift money from telecommunications to the hiring of trainers and local technical support people. We didn't follow through on that change, mainly because we decided at about the same time to start replacing our inter-BBS links (based on ordinary phonelines) with internet links wherever that was possible. That implied a new suite of protocols and softwares, so we were unsure what technical expertise we should seek in a trainer. Looking back, it seems that the lack of trainers was not a critical problem after all. There certainly is a learning curve, but it is not just for our software, it is for computing in general. There is also a language barrier: English is widely used online, so users who are not fluent in that language may feel unwelcome even when they know how to use the software. V. RECOMMENDATIONS We feel that this sort of project could be implemented in other places where a severing of ties poses a danger of civil war. Networking alone cannot prevent war, but it does offer tools that can be used to fix misconceptions and counter pre-war psychosis. Even though we just concluded that user training was not so important in our situation, we still reget that it was not written into our budget from the very start. Our only significant recommendation is that any computer networking project funded by NED in the future should include a line item for end-user training, and probably for system-administrator training as well. We also urge NED to continue supporting dial-up BBS projects even as "internet fever" sweeps the globe. The internet is a wonderful thing, but it is not the solution to every problem. In particular, it is not the most appropriate technology for forming productive contacts among local users, nor does it enable the widest possible access. BBS and internet softwares are starting to converge, but while they are still present something of an either/or choice, in most cases the BBS is better suited to social development. Respectfully submitted, Robert Horvitz Project Director Internews Prague APPENDIX A A DISPATCH FROM REUTERS: Internet keeps Yugoslavs connected to global village Date: Tue, 24 Jan 95 5:10:28 PST BIELEFELD, Germany A colorful mix of human rights activists, avant-garde artists and computer hackers is ensuring that besieged Sarajevo stays connected to the global village -- through Internet. The connection does more than simply bypass the Serb blockade of the Bosnian capital. It also links the six former Yugoslav republics and bridges ethnic hatreds that have plunged the region into more than three years of war. Set up just over two years ago in a dimly-lit basement in the north German city of Bielefeld, "ZaMir" -- Serbo-Croat for "towards peace" -- is a computerized collection point that forwards messages to and from former Yugoslavia. Two Bielefeld artists, Rena Tangens and her partner who calls himself Padeluun, tend 2.6 gigabytes of computer mailbox power that provides a gateway to the war zone where rebel Serbs are pitted against Croats and Bosnian Muslims. Tangens says 500 to 1,000 users are now regularly connected via nodes in Sarajevo, Zagreb, Skopje, Belgrade, Ljubljana and Pristina to the worldwide web of computer users and the network is expanding rapidly. The electronic messages they trade are blind to the bullets and ethnic divides that have seen Sarajevo pass its 1,000th day of siege and caused thousands to die in the name of "ethnic cleansing." Muslims E-mail Croats, Serbs contact Macedonians, Slovenians chat to ethnic Albanians in Serbia's Kosovo region -- computers do not recognize nationalities or faith, just users. "On a computer, you can discuss anything without ever getting physical," says Tangens. "It sounds crazy to send a message from Serbia to Bielefeld in order to contact someone in Croatia," she concedes. But with neighbors once less than an hour's drive apart now divided by battle lines and severed telephone cables, it is for many the only way to communicate. Mail is no alternative. In Bosnia the postal service has broken down, between Serbia and Croatia it is extinct. "What we have created is the most reliable communication link with and within the former Yugoslavia," Tangens says. Through ZaMir, Bosnian refugees in San Francisco have E-mailed contacts back home and traced lost relatives. One computer may serve a whole street in a Yugoslav town. Some American entrepreneurs once sent a query asking whether raspberries were still being planted in former Yugoslavia because they wanted to get back into business. And a Sarajevan who pleaded, "Please send Doom (a computer game)," was bombarded with software from around the world. For the originators of ZaMir however the network has a more long-reaching significance. Eric Bachman, a U.S. human rights activist who helped Tangens and Padeluun set up the Bielefeld connection and who has spent the past two years in former Yugoslavia building up that side of the operation, argues that only the Internet, uncensored and uncontrollable, can trade unadulterated information. "The media (in former Yugoslavia) were used to turn people against each other," Bachman told Germany's Die Zeit newspaper. "We are building up a medium that brings people together." Aid organizations, especially in besieged Sarajevo where the ZaMir node runs off its own generator to circumvent regular electricity cuts, are also flocking to the network to organize supply convoys and trade information. For users in the republics, contacting Indonesia, Sweden or anywhere else in the world costs no more than the price of a local telephone call to the nearest node, which stores the message until it is collected by the Bielefeld nerve-center. The several-thousand-dollar monthly bill that Bielefeld clocks up dialing the nodes automatically every hour is picked up by the London-based Soros Foundation, set up by Hungarian-born billionaire philanthropist George Soros. [Note: I sent a correction crediting NED as the funding source.----RH] ZaMir is a window onto the minds and lives of the Balkans. Public and personal messages travel the globe on the Internet superhighway, winding from mailbox to mailbox and computer to computer in what Clancy Sigal, an American writer, called "CyberBosnia" in a recent New York Times article. One such message is a diary by Dutchman Wam Kat, another ZaMir pioneer who is now an aid worker in Zagreb. Kat noticed on New Year's Eve that the mood had distinctly changed after the Bosnian Serbs and Muslims signed a fragile four-month cease-fire on Dec. 31. It seemed, he wrote, that 1995 might be greeted with less gunfire and "more of the old stuff -- fireworks!." But reflecting the skepticism of seasoned Balkan watchers who have seen cease-fires come and go, Kat added: "Mind you, there is a lot of mist about and we probably just couldn't see the tracers in the sky." APPENDIX B FROM THE NEW YORK TIMES: CyberBosnia by Clancy Sigal Op ed page, 10 January 1995 Los Angeles---As a child, I liked to invent countries that did not exist. Eskimoria was a sovereign nation just north of Canada. Titanica was an undersea republic founded by survivors of the ocean liner's fateful collision with with a North Atlantic iceberg. Charlemagnia was an island in the Mediterranean populated by descendants of the Children's Crusade. I don't know why I fantasized so. Perhaps it was my helpless response to the spread of European Fascism, which I feared would destroy all the real places, like France and England, I had read about in school books. Today, feeling helpless again as Sarajevo passes its 1000th day of siege--longer even than Leningrad's agony--I have retreated to an imaginary place I call CyberBosnia. Only this time it is real. CyberBosnia is a cosmopolitan, nondenominational and besieged nation of E-mail users in the former Yugoslavia. All it takes is a computer modem and a few seconds to fling your return E-mail address into cyberspace. Thus, I have made close electronic friends in Sarajevo like Faith, Kenan, Tarik and Drazen, whom I have never seen in the flesh but who have become as real as my next door neighbor. "Sorry for the delayed response," Kenan wrote just before the cease-fire that Jimmy Carter brokered and that already has been violated. "An electricity is major problem in Sarajevo. Gas is no more a problem because there is no gas at all. Chetniks [Serbs] are shooting more and more. They use 'Maljutka' rockets. 'Maljutka' is anti-tanks weapon, remotely controlled. Range of that weapon is only 3 km., but with extremely precision. One rocket fell yesterday on Ministry of Internal Affairs building. "What I eat? Something like dogfood, donated by UNHCR [United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]. More or less, it's a flour, rice, bean... Since we're without a gas, we have no bread from our city bakery. How I sleep? It's cold, we have no fuel or energy for warming. So, I sleep quite good, but I'm angry in the morning." That's about the worst complaint so far. Most E-mail friends never whine or moan. The famed Sarajevan sense of humor is alive and well. Faith and I argue about his taste for gloomy German movies. Kenan, into American country music, wants to know if I have heard the Dixie Chicks. He is learning the slide guitar, while his friend Nermin practices the banjo. They think the theme song from "Deliverance" is the greatest. We almost never talk politics. Or even much about the war. My friends seem to need to feel a personal touch. They are overjoyed by my wife's pregnancy, and we waste a lot of time debating boys' names. I can't really go for their choices, Alizajah and Murat. Along the way, I have learned from Faith how to use the motor of an old Lada to charge up a computer for a few moments' extra burst of electricity. This is not earth-shaking stuff. Nor is it "issue-oriented." And it's not brave of me to risk a few taps at the keyboard. What else can one do? Some E-mailers are involved in clandestine rescue work, or resettling refugees, getting mail to isolated families in Tuzla, Gorazde and Mostar, or helping Bosnian students obtain United States visas. Until obstruction by Serb and United Nations forces' made Bosnian roads virtually impassable, a few friends and I, working with a reputable relief group, collected money for a Sarajevo hospital. But sometimes, for me if not for my Bosnian friends, I need something more intimate. Thus, I have invented CyberBosnia. It is partly to keep me sane because of our habit of fudging the reality of other people's misery by watching it on TV or turning it into abstract geopolitics. If I were dying, I would want even a stranger to acknowledge it. APPENDIX C ORGANIZATIONS USING THE ZaMir TRANSNATIONAL NET (Organizations known to be mass media outlets are marked *) 4D_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org ABV_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org AERODROMI_BH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org AERODROM_TUZLA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org AGENCY_HA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org AICRED_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org AICRED_TZ@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org AICRED_ZE@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ALFABIT_ZE@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org AMAI_COMPUTERS@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org AMNESTYIH_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org AM_CROSS@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org ANANDA-MARGA_KA@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org ANTIBAR_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org ANUBIH_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org AOP_SERVIS@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org APL_SOFT@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ARA_BIH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ARC_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org * ARD_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * ARGUMENT_BEOGRAD@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org * ARKZIN_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org ARK_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org ATC_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ATELJE-212_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org A_HODZIC@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org BABE_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * BALKAN_MEDIA@zamir-lj.ztn.apc.org BEOKRUG_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org * BETA_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org * BETA_BG@zamir-lj.ztn.apc.org * BETA_BIH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org BHM_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org BH_BANKA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org BH_DANI@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * BH_PRESS@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * BH_PRESS@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org BIF_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org BIG-LAN_ADMIN@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org BISER_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org BISER_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org BIT_BIH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org BIT_LETTERS@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org BKZ_ZE@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org BOHEMSA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org BOHEMSA_SA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org BOLNICA_MOSTAR@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * BORBA_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org * BOSNA_EST@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org BPT_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org BPT_PR@zana-pr.ztn.apc.org BREAD_LIFE@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org BRF_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * BTA_CO@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org BUIT_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org BUJKU_PR@zana-pr.ztn.apc.org BUMERANG_OS@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org BYF_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org CAA_BEOGRAD@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org CAA_NIS@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org CCK_PR@zana-pr.ztn.apc.org CCO_SARAJEVO@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org CDHRF_PR@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org CDU_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org CENTRIC_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org CENZENA_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org CIET_S@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org CIET_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org CIGRE_BH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org CIVIC_LINK@zamir-lj.ztn.apc.org CLINIC_AP@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org COMP_2000@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org CRASH_ST@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org CRS_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org CRVENI_LJILJAN@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org DAMIR_OMERASEVIC@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org DA_ST@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org DBHG_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org DD_POLIHEM@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org DD_ZMAJ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org DEBATE18_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org DELTACOMWARE_TZ@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org DELTACOMWARE_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org DELTA_TUZLA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org DIA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org DIGI_GRAPH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org DJIKICH_SD@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org DK_ST@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org DMT_BP@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org DOM_ZDRAVLJA-SA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org DOM_ZDRAVLJA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org DOS_ST@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org DOW_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org DRAFT_TEATAR@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org DRC_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org DRINA_NA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org DRINA_ZE@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org DRINA_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org EASA_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org EGT_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * EKONPOL_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org ELECTRONICWITCHES_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org ELECTRONIC_WITCH@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org EN_DATA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org EPIC_CATV@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ESPED_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ETF_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org E_IDV@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org E_INTEH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org E_IRCA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org E_IRCE@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org E_PETROLINVEST@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org E_PETROLINVEST@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org E_SDU@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org E_VMC@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org FEM_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org * FERAL_TRIBUNE@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org FIN_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org FIO_TUZLA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org FLAS_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org FONDACIJA_OGBIH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org FONDEKO_BIH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org FORUM_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org FRANK_BAJAK@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * FRONT_SLOBODE-TUZLA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org FUTURA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org GAMA_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org GFH_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org GLOB-SCO_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org GOS_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org GRADJ-ODB_KA@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org GRADJ-ODB_PO@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org GRADJ-ODB_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org GRADJANSKISAVEZ_SRB@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org GRADJEVINA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * GRANA_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org GVC_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org GYM-AID_SB@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org HCA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org HCA_TUZLA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org HHO_DU@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org HHO_KA@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org HHO_ST@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org HHO_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org HIDROGRADNJA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org HIRURGIJA_SARAJEVO@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org HISTORY_INSTITUTE-BH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org HITC_OCK@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org HLC_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org HLF_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org HND-NOVINAR_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org HOMO_PU@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org HRCOUNCIL_PR@zana-pr.ztn.apc.org * HRVATSKA_RIJEC@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org HSP_BIH@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org HUDHZ_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org HUIBIH_OS@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org HUMANIORA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org HYPP_DA@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org ICHCR_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IDAC_TZ@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IDAC_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org IDV_RAKOM@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IEEESB_UNISA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IFRC_PR@zana-pr.ztn.apc.org IFRC_ST@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IFRC_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IGASA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IMC_ST@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IMC_ZE@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IMC_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org IMO_KAKANJ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org IMO_KO@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org INFOSOFT_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org INFOSOFT_SA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org INFOSYS_ADMIN@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org INFO_TRIK@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IPC_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IPES_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IPM_ELECTRONIC@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IPM_ELECTRONIC@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org IRC_AN@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IRC_MO@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IRC_MT@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IRC_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IRC_SA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org IRC_ST@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IRC_TZ@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IRC_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org IRC_TZ@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IRC_ZE@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org IRC_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org IRC_ZE@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IRIS_COMPUTER@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ISKCON_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ISO9000_ADMIN@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org IUC1_DU@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IUC_DU@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org IVAN_MARINKOVIC@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org IWA_TUZLA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org IZ_RBIH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org KAKOSI_DA@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org KCU-IIS_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org KCU-IIS_SA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org KCUS_FOND@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org KHC_PR@zana-pr.ztn.apc.org * KIC_PR@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org * KIC_PR@zana-pr.ztn.apc.org KING_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * KOHA_PR@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org * KOHA_PR@zana-pr.ztn.apc.org KPI_EMRG@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org KPI_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org LABIN-ART_EX@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org LA_CAMP@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org LIGMA_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org LIPS_BIH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * LOCAL_MEDIA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org LSV_NS@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org LWF-NCA_TUZLA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org LWF_CP@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org LWF_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org MAPA_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org MARKET_BANKA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MAYOR_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org MCI_PR@zana-pr.ztn.apc.org MCI_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org MC_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org * MEDIACEN1_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * MEDIACEN2_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * MEDIACEN3_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * MEDIACEN4_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * MEDIACEN5_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * MEDIA_LINK@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MEDICA_ZE@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MEDICA_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org MENNOHOUSE_SP@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org MERCY_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MERHAMET_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MERHAMET_STARIGRAD@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MES_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MF_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MIKRO_TEHNIKA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org MILAN_ADAMOV@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org MILJACKA_FR@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MIR_KA@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org MIR_OS@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org MIR_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * MONITOR_PODGORICA@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org * MOREL_LJ@zamir-lj.ztn.apc.org MOSTOVI_ZE@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MOSTOVI_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org MOST_BEOGRAD@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org MOST_ZE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org MSF_HOLLAND@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MSF_SARAJEVO@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MSF_TUZLA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MSF_ZENICA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org MUWAFAQ_FONDATIONSA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org NA-DRINA_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org NET_GROUP@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org NEW_TUZLA_USERS@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org NEXUS_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org NEXUS_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org NEZAVISNI_NS@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org NGOPREP_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org NPABT_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org NPA_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org OBALA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org OBNOVA_SARAJEVA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ODA_SARAJEVO@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ODA_TUZLA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org ODA_ZENICA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * OGLED_OS@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * ONASA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org OPEN-DOOR_SP@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org OPR_KNJ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org OPTIMUM_TEAM@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org ORTHOPEDICS_KOSEVO@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org OSA_KA@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org OSL_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org * OTVORENE-OCI_ST@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * OTVORENE-OCI_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org * OTVORENE_OCI@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org OXFAM2_TZ@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org OXFAM2_TZMOBILE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org OXFAMLOG_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org OXFAM_BG@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org OXFAM_ST@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org OXFAM_TZ@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org OXFAM_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org OXFAM_ZG@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org O_COMMITTEE@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org PAG_PA@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org PAKRAC_DA@zamir-zg.ztn.apc.org PAULA_STORCH@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org * PBS_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org PEACE-BRIDGE_DANUBE@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org PEDIJATRIJA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org PETROLINVEST_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org PHARMACOLOGY_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org PHARMACOLOGY_SA@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org PISMA_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org PISMA_TZ@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org PK_BIH@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org POSTPES_PR@zana-pr.ztn.apc.org * PPM_PANCEVO@zamir-bg.ztn.apc.org PP_DJURIC@zamir-tz.ztn.apc.org PREPOROD_SA@zamir-sa.ztn.apc.org 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